Yotta Point

The Hockey Stick and The Climate Wars: A Brief Review and Climate Change Discussion

I recently read Professor Michael Mann's book "The Hockey Stick and The Climate Wars". There are several reviews of the book online, a couple of examples being Shawn Lawrence Otto's review at The Huffington Post and Jeff Masters' review at Wunderground. However, I found the book compelling, engaging and valuable on several fronts and felt it was worth making a few observations here. If you are a person who is not entirely familiar with the recent history and politics of climate science, it offers a highly readable and informative summary that captures some of the progress and setbacks over the last two decades or so. Mann's passion for climate science comes through very well in the book and in the process he also addresses in some detail the following aspects of climate change.

I. Scientific Process, Climate Politics & Denialism

1) The IPCC scientific process and rigor which is quite substantial to the point of making the reports somewhat conservative - despite the seepage of occasional errors into IPCC reports

2) The right role of true skepticism in scientific inquiry - and how this differs from the practice of climate change denial (or climate denial) that uses a combination of (a) a veneer of skepticism, (b) often incompetence in basic statistics and (c) the use of deliberately misleading data

• Mann cites several examples in his book; a perusal of blogs like Deltoid, Skeptical Science, Open Mind and others provides interminable, yet dark, amusement on this front

3) The slow but gradual evolution of scientific knowledge, a process that is self-correcting and generates better understanding over time

• Mann offers many interesting examples from the climate change field contrasting them with the typical demands of the blog/media/news cycle that might immediately trumpet a new research paper as if it almost single-handedly destroyed the scientific consensus, without waiting for the time-intensive scientific process to peer assessment, correction and learning

4) The role of the key players in the fossil-fuels sector - whose future assets, fuel reserves and stock prices are at significant risk if meaningful climate change policy actions are taken - and that of other ideologically aligned wealthy donors in funding climate denialism

5) The deplorable, often personal attacks on climate scientists who publicly speak or write about the serious manifestations and consequences of climate change through willful misrepresentation of their or others' work and/or false accusations of fraud or misconduct

• As Mann shows, these attacks are usually fronted by certain politicians (usually Republicans close to the fossil fuel industry), a handful of scientists who are typically not climate science experts, and often by denialist writers, bloggers and pseudo-scientists. Mann also suggests that the manufactured controversy has often coincided with time periods when the U.S. Congress was poised to pass climate change legislation - thereby making it easier to kill such legislation.
• The attacks and their consequences are examined in much detail given Mann's personal experience and the character assassination campaign he and some of his peers have faced over the years; he particularly explores the controversy over the "hockey stick" and the Climategate episode
• Mann makes reference to another excellent, must-read book on this particular topic - "Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming" by Naomi Oreskes and Eric Conway

6) The increasing use of blogs (e.g., RealClimate) by climate scientists to communicate the science to the public and media, and push back in real time on false, distorted or misleading presentations of climate data

II. Science of Climate Change

7) The role that various natural (e.g., solar activity, volcanoes, various oceanic oscillations that operate over multi-year, decadal, multi-decadal or multi-century periods - such as the multi-year oscillation called ENSO or El-Nino/La Nina) and human-induced/anthropogenic factors (CO₂, sulfur dioxide - SO₂, etc.) play in influencing global warming and climate change

• Mann walks readers through how different factors can affect climate and temperature in different ways, thereby providing a nuanced discussion of climate change and warming, which is often missing or understated in websites arguing against the evidence for anthropogenic global warming

8) The role of temperature proxies - such as tree rings, ice cores, lake sediments, etc. - in the estimation of local, regional and global average temperatures in past centuries and millennia when accurate temperature measurements were not available

• In particular, Mann devotes considerable effort to explain the famous "hockey stick" graph (which has since been independently validated by both the National Academy of Sciences as well as recent work by NOAA's NCDC) and discusses topics such as the so-called Medieval Warm Period, urban-heat island (UHI) effect, and others which play an important role in climate change debates

9) The use of statistical frameworks such as principal component analysis (PCA) in the understanding of underlying phenomena and variables driving temperature changes

Mann's book tries to cover all that and more and does a really nice job overall in giving the reader an expansive view of the nuanced subject of climate change, while passionately conveying the real urgency of acknowledging the dangers of ongoing and future warming and the need for immediate action. I highly recommend this book.

In terms of where the book could have been improved, I would suggest the following thoughts for Mann and other climate scientists to consider. Unless someone is an avid follower of the field of climate change and global warming, it is difficult to grasp the nuances and subtleties inherent in understanding climate, weather and the variables that can cause them to shift. I think Mann's book can be further improved, perhaps in his next edition, by more explicitly delving into common points of confusion for people I have talked to, such as:

• Dueling reports of record heat and record cold (recent examples): This confusion might persist because typical discussions on global warming, even by scientists, fail to adequately inform people that warming refers only to averages and that record heat and cold can co-exist in a warming world as long as record heat events significantly outnumber record cold events as the average temperature rises
• Reports attributing certain seemingly contradictory climatic and meteorological events to global warming (e.g., less snow v. blizzards, flooding v. drought, etc.): It's important that scientists invest more time in developing communication to explain how both droughts and severe flooding could result from warming, that both blizzards and reduced snow can be a consequence of warming, etc.
• Why seemingly modest increases in global temperature (e.g., 0.8 degrees C) should result in significant increases in extreme events: It wasn't until the excellent work of Hansen et al. in 2012 did a clear framework become available to average readers like me to explain to others that a small shift in averages can lead to a large increase in probability of 3-sigma, 4-sigma and beyond temperatures, which in turn can lead to more extreme events over time, relative to past experience
• Lack of clear understanding of the role of additional factors that cause otherwise CO₂-influenced temperature changes to be non-monotonic: The recent work by Skeptical Science is very welcome in this context but it is rare to see scientists use simplified means of communication on such an important topic

Additionally, I would like to urge Mann and his colleagues/peers to invest more time in discussing & explaining the role of the potent greenhouse gas methane (CH₄) and the pros and cons of migrating our energy use from fuels like coal to natural gas, especially given the increasing concerns of methane leakage during natural gas extraction.

Finally, while I very much like blogs like Real Climate, climate scientists need to do a better job of communicating their findings and implications in plain English. Again, Skeptical Science is doing a fantastic job on this and newer initiatives like Climate Communication are welcome and overdue but scientists need to be more tuned to this need going forward.

The Latest on Global Warming and Climate Change

Updated 1/20/13

Here are two new, excellent short videos (about a couple of minutes or so each) that explain (a) how global warming due to anthropogenic greenhouse gases is happening in parallel with natural variability of temperature due to factors such as volcanic eruptions (e.g., El Chichon and Pinatubo) and oceanic oscillations (e.g., El Nino and La Nina) and (b) how the average temperature derived from various paleoclimatic temperature proxies (e.g., ice cores, corals, etc.) are positively correlated with thermometer-based temperature records.

The video explaining natural versus human contributions to climate change is the one below from the outstanding blog Skeptical Science, and discussed in posts such as this one "16 More Years of Global Warming". Also worth reading are related posts from the last couple of years:

• "Why Wasn't The Hottest Decade Hotter?" by Rob Painting at Skeptical Science
• "Resolving Confusion Over the Met Office Statement and Continued Global Warming" by Dana Nuccitelli at Skeptical Science
• "Did global warming stop in 1998, 1995, 2002, 2007, 2010?" at Skeptical Science
• "Video And Charts Make Clear The Planet Is Still Warming — And There’s Only One Way To Stop It" by Joe Romm at Climate Progress

A broad team including several universities and NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) just published this paper - Global warming in an independent record of the last 130 years (David Anderson et al.) - in Geophysical Research Letters and a discussion of their paper at the NOAA website - "Independent Evidence Confirms Global Warming in Instrument Record". Skeptical Science also has some analysis and discussion of this paper at "Nature Confirms Global Warming and Temperature Record Accuracy". An additional resource worth reading is this 2006 report by The National Research Council of the National Academies - "Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years".

Here is a short video summarizing the results:

Additional posts definitely worth reading as we enter 2013 are below.

• "Contrary to Contrarian Claims, IPCC Temperature Projections Have Been Exceptionally Accurate" by Dana Nuccitelli at Skeptical Science
• "Visualising the role of natural variability" and "What will the simulations do next?" by Ed Hawkins at Climate Lab Book
• "Communication of the role of natural variability in future North American climate" by Clara Deser et al. in Nature Climate Change [also see this paper]
• "2012 in Review - a Major Year for Climate Change" by Dana Nuccitelli at Skeptical Science
• "NOAA And NASA: 2012 Warmest ‘La Niña Year’ On Record, Sustaining Long-Term Climate Warming Trend" by Think Progress
• "Sun and climate moving in opposite directions, says leaked IPCC report" by John Cook at Skeptical Science
• "Top Ten Global Weather Events of 2012" by Dr. Jeff Masters at the Weather Underground (Wunderground) blog
• "Appendix: The Science of Climate Change" in the "Federal Advisory Committee Draft Climate Assessment Report Released for Public Review"
• "Global Carbon Budget" (detailed version here)

Happy New Year!

Deutsche Bank's Jobless Claims Indicator is Not Very Helpful in Predicting Recessions

Sam Ro at Business Insider points out:

According to most experts, the U.S. is still growing. However, some experts like [ECRI's] Lakshman Achuthan and [SocGen's] Albert Edwards argue that the U.S. is in a recession.

[...]

But Riccadonna and the economics team at Deutsche Bank have an incredibly reliable indicator of recessions.

They call it the "rule of 10%" and it's an interpretation of the U.S. weekly initial jobless claims. Riccadonna explains:

Our rule of thumb is as follows: In the past, when jobless claims backed up by 10% or more from the prior quarter’s average, in all but one instance (Q1 1967), the economy was on the brink of recession. Thus, the rule has proven to be fairly reliable over the past several decades.

Here's his chart showing the record of this indicator:

Using the above chart, Sam Ro concludes:

So based on the recent quarter's average jobless claims and the current trend of jobless claims, Riccadonna notes that that "rule of 10%" would suggest we are not heading into recession.

Riccadonna's and Ro's conclusion is unwarranted.

As I explained in a series of tweets, I don't know if we are currently in a recession or not, but Riccadonna's chart is not really useful to assess that at all. The reason is simple. Riccadonna and Ro already acknowledge that the above indicator incorrectly predicted a recession in 1967. However, they didn't notice that the chart failed to predict the start of the 2008 recession using their 10% threshold. If you look closely at the above chart, you will notice that at the time the 2008 recession began (or when the economy was "on the brink of recession"), the indicator was up ~5% q/q (a dip from a slightly higher number in the prior quarter), much less than the 10% q/q threshold cited by Riccadonna. It only rose to ~10% some months into the recession. So, the use of the 10% threshold by Riccadonna is incorrect and artificial. The correct threshold would be closer to ~5% - and if we use that threshold, the chart is revealed as basically not that useful because it would have predicted a recession in many more years that were not recession years. Not to mention the indicator is close to the ~5% q/q threshold right now.

Reads for June 24

It's been a while since my last round-up of interesting posts, so here is a reading list for this weekend (updated).

Economics & Finance

• Henry Blodget at Business Insider: Corporate Profits Just Hit An All-Time High, Wages Just Hit An All-Time Low
• Ben Cassel at Real Time Economics (WSJ): "Number of the Week: Corporations Not Hoarding Cash"
• Eric Platt at Business Insider: America's Debt Levels Are Falling To Pre-Crisis Levels - but also see David Cay Johnston at Reuters looking at income as well: "America's Long Slope Down" and Mish Shedlock's comments at Global Economic Analysis
• Tyler Durden at Zero Hedge: The Chart That Scares The "1%" The Most
• Joe Weisenthal at Business Insider: Yesterday's Philly Fed Report Implies A Horrendous Jobs Report
• Joe Weisenthal at Business Insider: The Difference Between Obama's First Term And Bush's First Term In One Devastating Chart
• New Deal Democrat at Business Insider: Inflation Is Under Control, And It's A Sign Of Bad Things
• Zarathustra at Also Sprach Analyst: Quantitative easing and the (lack of) responses in bond yields
• Paul Krugman at NYT: Interest Rates: Varieties of Error
• Scott Barber at Alpha Now/Thomson-Reuters: "Crude Oil Futures Bouncing Near Their Lows of 2012" - has interesting charts comparing historical and recent behavior of oil vs. economic indicators and stocks; also see Sober Look's related analysis: "Crude oil vs. US equities: dislocation continues"
• Sober Look: "Dr. Copper Says Watch Out Below" & "Summer of 2011 Redux"
• Mark Thomas at Economist's View: Did Income Inequality Contribute to the Great Recession?
• Jie Jenny Zou at Real Time Economics (WSJ): Inequality Has Increased in Income and Consumption, Economists Argue [via]; here's the link to the paper by Attanasio, Hurst and Pistaferri: "The Evolution of Income, Consumption, and Leisure Inequality in The US, 1980-2010" [and a related post on income inequality across recent Presidents here; links here and here worth a look as well]
• David Cay Johnston at Reuters: "The Fortunate 400"
• Econompicdata: "Valuation Matters: Equities vs Bonds Edition"; "Dividend vs. Treasury Yields"; "Stocks For The Long Run?"
• Jared Bernstein at On The Economy: "CBO’s Long-Term Budget Outlook: What It’s Telling Us"
• Zarathustra at Also Sprach Analyst: "Coal inventory in various Chinese ports hit record highs" [also see Sober Look's post on this]
• Zarathustra at Also Sprach Analyst: "Is China massaging macro data? (Ans: Yes)"
• Sober Look: "India's Currency Spirals Out of Control" [see this older post as well]

Energy & Environment, Climate Change

• Climate Central: The Heat is On: U.S. Temperature Trends
• National Research Council: Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future (2012)
• Climate Central has a neat interactive online tool that allows you to assess the impact of sea-level rise on your coastal town or city
• Stefan at Real Climate: "What makes sea-level rise?"
• Andrew Freedman at Climate Central: "Did Global Warming Set Stage for Duluth Flooding?"

Healthcare

• Lane Kenworthy at Consider the Evidence: "Is rising obesity a product of income inequality and economic insecurity?"; "Why the Surge in Obesity?"
• Duff Wilson and Janet Roberts at Reuters: "Special Report: How Washington went soft on childhood obesity"

Miscellaneous

• Elizabeth Flock at US News/Washington Whispers: "Five Charts That Show How Our Democracy Isn't Working"

That's it for today.

"Why Smart People Are Stupid" and Other Revelations About the Brain

UPDATE 6/24: I cited Jonah Lehrer below. This has to be read to be believed - Lehrer might as well have titled his article about himself.

One of the best books that I read recently is Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman's "Thinking, Fast and Slow". You'll find a lot of reviews of the book online (e.g., Jim Holt at the NYT), but the best thing to do would be to pick up a copy of the book and read it (Sci Am has reprinted a portion recently). As one of the reviewers in Amazon.com, Adam Smythe, wrote [all bold text in this post is my emphasis]:

Daniel Kahneman, the author of this exceptional book, and Amos Tversky (who died in 1996) made economics and other disciplines a lot more realistic--and tougher--for economists, researchers and students. Prior to their work, economists and others maintained classical theories and explanations that relied on certain seemingly logical assumptions about human behavior. However, people don't always behave the way logic might suggest, for a variety of reasons that Kahneman (and Tversky) explained, starting in the 1970s. Today, the subject of behavioral decision-making is one of the more exciting ones in fields like economics, finance, medicine and even law, thanks to their pioneering work. In recognition of the impact of his work in economics, Kahneman, a cognitive psychologist and professor emeritus at Princeton, won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2002, specifically for his work on prospect theory.

The title of this book comes from Kahneman's discussion of two simple models of how people think. "System 1" thinking corresponds to fast, intuitive, emotional and almost automatic decisions, though it sometimes leaves us at the mercy of our human biases. "System 2" thinking is more slow-going and requires more intellectual effort. To nobody's surprise, we humans are more likely to rely on System 1 thinking, because it saves us effort, even if it can lead to flawed thinking.

Andrew Revkin at Dot Earth (NYT) posted the video a recent talk by Kahneman and added:

As I noted via Twitter during the meeting, this talk and many other engaging presentations at the event illustrate the importance of adding a fresh facet to the popular notion that today’s citizens, and particularly students, would do well to improve their capacity for critical thinking:

“Critical thinking has to include assessing one’s own thinking.”

Last week, Jonah Lehrer at The New Yorker, mentioned Kahneman's work and wrote about another recent study whose implications are important in a post titled "Why Smart People are Stupid". Here are some relevant extracts from Lehrer's piece, but go read his entire post:

Stocks and Bonds Diverge

UPDATED 2/22/12

A few people have been discussing this topic of late and it's worth a mention in the context of what to expect vis-a-vis US economic growth in the coming months.

The observation is that as market confidence in a US economic recovery has become stronger, stock markets have shot upwards but bond yields have not. One would normally expect bond yields to also go up as money moves from bonds to stocks during economic recoveries. This "anomaly" is interesting and worth watching.

Tyler Durden at Zero Hedge (1/30/12): "Yields Plunge Most In 3 Months As Equity-Debt Divergence Remains"

Joe Weisenthal at Business Insider (2/7/12): "PRESENTING: The Great Market Disconnect Seen All Around The Globe"

Joe Weisenthal at Business Insider (2/18/12): "This Is STILL The Most Glaring Anomaly In The Market"

Tyler Durden at Zero Hedge (2/20/12): "As Everything Disconnects And Everything Is Soaring, Morgan Stanley Issues A Warning"

[Also worth a look - this Aug 2011 post  by Felix Salmon at Reuters: "Chart of the day: The great earnings-yield divergence"]

It's also noteworthy that stock market trading volumes have been noticeably lower in recent times - and it's happening at a time where revenue and earnings growth has also declined (outside of Apple) and upside guidance from companies is also on the decline.

P.S. Joe Weisenthal has an observation from Doug Kass that there is also a marked divergence between the S&P 500 vs. the ratio of Dow Transports to the S&P 500. Transports, I would presume are at least in part affected by rising oil prices at a time when overall world oil consumption has been on the decline. Additionally, the potential impact of QE and liquidity type actions on stock markets and commodities like oil can't be emphasized enough.

Do Surveys of Consumer Confidence Provide Insight Into Actual Economic Activity?

Sober Look has two good, worth reading posts - "The story of two risk indices" and "The jump in U Michigan sentiment index is driven by consumer expectations". I'll try to return to the first post later but I thought I'd comment on the second one - which is about indicators tied to what we generally refer to as 'consumer sentiment' or 'consumer confidence'. SL makes some good points about these indices but he does not mention a larger point that I want to call out here - which is that these indices very clearly are not at all good gauges of absolute economic activity.

1) Let's start with SL's first point that the Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan's survey of consumer sentiment registered a reading in August 2011 that was as low as the reading in November 2008 - which, as SL says is "...a bit surprising and not at all intuitive, with anecdotal evidence suggesting that 08 felt far worse than 2011".

He's completely right about the non-intuitive nature of index values - but it is also completely non-intuitive when you look at non-anecdotal evidence. For example:

• The change in real GDP in Q4 2008 was -8.9% whereas in Q3 2011, GDP changed by +1.8%
• Retail sales changed at an annual rate of  more than -10% in Q4 2008 compared to +6 to 8% in Q3 2011
• Industrial production and capacity utilization were much lower in Q4 2008 compared to Q3 2011
• The economy was losing jobs at the average rate of ~600,000 jobs/month in Q4 2008 as opposed to gaining on average ~150,000 jobs a month in Q3 2011

So, what exactly is the Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment measuring?

2) Second, SL adds:

What drove the sentiment index to levels comparable to 2008? The index actually has two components: the Current Conditions Index and the Consumer Expectations Index. And it was the "expectations" component that pushed the whole index to this low point. In fact according to U Michigan, when it came to consumer expectations, the "end of the world" was coming in August of 2011 - a point on the index that was in fact lower than the expectations measure in 2008 (as shown in the chart below). This is puzzling. Were consumers reacting to all the market driven media frenzy in August that wasn't as prevalent in 2008? Were consumers not as focused on the state of the financial markets in the past as they are now?

On the other hand the "current conditions" component did not dive anywhere close to its 08 lows, which is more in line with other economic indicators.

So, basically, according to this measure of consumer sentiment, in August 2011 the Consumer Expectations index fell lower than the lowest value in 2008! Yet, all the above indicators measuring the real health of the economy (see above) were much worse in Q4 2008 than in Q3 2011 and Q4 2011. How is it that, not just the overall consumer sentiment index, but also its consumer expectations component, seems so out of whack with macroeconomic conditions (current and immediate future)?

3) Third, SL discusses another indicator on consumer confidence:

Average Scaling Behavior in Biology, Cities and Corporations

I recently started reading some research from Geoffrey West, Luis Bettencourt and others on scaling phenomena relating to averages (there are always deviations). This is an incredibly rich topic and one cannot possibly do justice to it in a single post, so I'll merely highlight one or two findings from the research and provide links for further reading.

A good place to start is this article on biological organisms in Physics Today from 2004, by Geoffrey West and James Brown - "Life's Universal Scaling Laws". A couple of key passages (all bold text corresponds to my emphasis):

In marked contrast to the amazing diversity and complexity of living organisms is the remarkable simplicity of the scaling behavior of key biological processes over a broad spectrum of phenomena and an immense range of energy and mass. Scaling as a manifestation of underlying dynamics and geometry is familiar throughout physics. It has been instrumental in helping scientists gain deeper insights into problems ranging across the entire spectrum of science and technology, because scaling laws typically reflect underlying generic features and physical principles that are independent of detailed dynamics or specific characteristics of particular models. Phase transitions, chaos, the unification of the fundamental forces of nature, and the discovery of quarks are a few of the more significant examples in which scaling has illuminated important universal principles or structure.

In biology, the observed scaling is typically a simple power law: Y = Y₀M^b, where Y is some observable, Y₀ a constant, and M the mass of the organism.^1-3 Perhaps of even greater significance, the exponent b almost invariably approximates a simple multiple of 1/4. Among the many fundamental variables that obey such scaling laws - termed "allometric" by Julian Huxley⁴ - are metabolic rate, life span, growth rate, heart rate, DNA nucleotide substitution rate, lengths of aortas and genomes, tree height, mass of cerebral grey matter, density of mitochondria, and concentration of RNA.

[...]

An intriguing consequence of these "quarter-power" scaling laws is the emergence of invariant quantities,⁷ which physicists recognize as usually reflecting fundamental underlying constraints. For example, mammalian life span increases as approximately M^1/4,  whereas heart rate decreases as M^-1/4, so the number of heartbeats per lifetime is approximately invariant (about 1.5 x 10⁹), independent of size...

Bettencourt and West discussed cities and their economics and laws of scaling in their article in Scientific American last year titled "Bigger Cities Do More With Less". Here are some notable points:

By sifting through this flood of data, covering thousands of cities around the world, we have unveiled several mathematical “laws” that explain how concentrating people in one place affects economic activity, return on infrastructure investment and social vitality. Despite the rich diversity of metropolitan regions across the U.S., China, Brazil and other nations, we found a remarkable universality in the way that socioeconomic characteristics increase with a city’s population. For example, if the population of a city is doubled, whether from 40,000 to 80,000 or from four million to eight million, we systematically see an average increase of around 15 percent in measures such as wages and patents produced per capita. If eight million people all live in one city, their economic output will typically be about 15 percent greater than if the same eight million people lived in two cities of half the size. We call this effect “superlinear scaling”: the socioeconomic properties of cities increase faster than a direct (or linear) relation to their population would predict.

The data also reveal that cities’ use of resources follows a similar, though inverted, law. When the size of a city doubles, its material infrastructure—anything from the number of gas stations to the total length of its pipes, roads or electrical wires—does not. Instead these quantities rise more slowly than population size: a city of eight million typically needs 15 percent less of the same infrastructure than do two cities of four million each. This pattern is referred to as sublinear scaling. On average, the bigger the city, the more efficient its use of infrastructure, leading to important savings in materials, energy and emissions.

Our findings also show that these patterns of increased productivity and decreased costs hold true across nations with very different levels of development, technology and wealth. Although we have much more information for cities in richer parts of the world, we are beginning to obtain good data from rapidly developing countries as well, and they seem to fit the same mold. The gross domestic product for cities in Brazil and China, for instance, closely follows the same superlinear curve that western European and North American cities exhibit, though starting from a lower baseline. We believe that the pattern holds true because the same basic social and economic processes are at work, whether in São Paulo’s favelas, under Beijing’s smog-filled skies or along Copenhagen’s tidy streets.

Although urban superlinear scaling, which represents the average, idealized behavior of a city of a given size, prevails around the globe, actual cities deviate to varying degrees from the roughly 15 percent enhancements that come with size. Detailed data covering 40 years show, for example, that San Francisco and Boston are richer than their size would indicate, whereas Phoenix or Riverside, Calif., are somewhat poorer. Curiously, these deviations persist for decades: cities tend to stay remarkably close to their overperforming or underperforming histories. For example, cities that have attempted to improve their lot by creating conditions for the “next Silicon Valley” have often had disappointing results. Our research suggests that certain intangible qualities of social dynamics—more than the development of material infrastructure—hold the key to generating virtuous cycles of innovation and creation of wealth. These processes, such as the development of a spirit of local entrepreneurship, a reputation for cutting-edge novelty, and a culture of excellence and competitiveness, are difficult to design through policy because they rely on the dynamics of a city’s social fabric across many dimensions. We expect the results of this exciting area of research will lead to better “recipes” for sustainable socioeconomic development.

See the Physics Today article as well this article for some discussion of West's work, including some of the criticisms of the averages and how they miss various deviations from the averages. A recent paper that critiques the Bettencourt/West research on cities is this one by Cosma Shalizi, who says:

Reads for Jan 14

Economics & Finance

• Dean Baker at Beat The Press: How Is It Possible The Fed's Image Can Be Tarnished Further?; The Japan Story; More on the Celebration Over December's Job Report
• Gavyn Davies at FT: America’s incredible shrinking labour force (via)
• Joe Weisenthal at Business Insider: Something Has To Give Here; CHART OF THE DAY: The Final Word On ADP, The Most Controversial Economic Report There Is (also see this)
• Simon Johnson at Economix: Ron Paul and the Banks
• Kenneth Kutner: Low Interest Rates and Housing Bubbles: Still No Smoking Gun (via)
• Paul Krugman at NYT: Germans and Aliens; US Net Investment Income
• Andrew Berg and Jonathan Ostry in Foreign Policy: How Inequality Damages Economies (via)
• Alan Krueger, Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors of the US: The Rise and Consequences of Inequality in the United States (see the accompanying slides here, via)
• An old post by Lane Kenworthy at Consider the Evidence has an interesting chart: Slow Income Growth for Middle America (via)
• Robert Greenstein at CBPP's Off The Charts Blog: Romney’s Wrong: Federal Low-Income Program Dollars Go Overwhelmingly to Beneficiaries
• Mike Konczal at Rortybomb: A Quick Note on the Distributional Consequences of a Lack of Refinancing Options
• William Black at Credit Writedowns: Real Financial Regulators Love Prosecutions of Fraudulent Bank CEOs
• Yves Smith at Naked Capitalism: Crowd-Sourcing the Revolving Door (also see here and here)
• Mark Whitehouse at Bloomberg's The Ticker: On the Capture of Economists (via)
• Simon Wren-Lewis at Mainly Macro: Mistakes and Ideology in Macroeconomics (via) - also see: Chris Dillow at Stumbling and Mumbling: Mechanisms and Models (via)
• Ejaz Ghani at Vox: Reshaping Tomorrow: What will India look like in 2025? (via)

Energy & Environment, Food Security, Climate Change

• Global Macro Monitor at Credit Writedowns: Chart of the Day: U.S. Gasoline Consumption Tanks in 2011
• James Hamilton at Econbrowser: Reducing Petroleum Consumption from Transportation - has a bunch of illuminating stats for the US v. other countries from this paper by Christopher Knittel
• Tom Smerling at Skeptical Science: U.S. 2011: The Wet Get Wetter, the Dry Get Drier [also, a useful 2005 report on Natural Disaster Hotspots is a good related reference]
• Tom Curtis at Skeptical Science: Global Warming: Trend and Variation
• Dana1981 at Skeptical Science: A Big Picture Look at Global Warming
• Stephen Lacey at Climate Progress: What Do Falling Natural Gas Prices Mean for Renewables?
• Peter Sinclair at Climate Denial Crock of the Week: Climate Change and Sea Level Rise: “An Emerging Hockey Stick”

Healthcare and Education

• Aaron Carroll at The Incidental Economist: Lots of people can’t fire their insurance companies (via)
• Kelly Kennedy at USA Today: 5% of patients account for half of health care spending [link to full study here]
• Ray Fisman at Slate: Thanks, Teach ("A new study suggests that a good grade school teacher can boost college attendance rates, reduce teenage pregnancy, and increase a student’s earning potential.")
• Catherine Rampell at Economix: Do College Grads Earn Less Now Than 40 Years Ago?; College-Educated Workers Gaining Jobs, High School Grads Losing Them

Miscellaneous

• Barry Ritholtz at The Big Picture: Internet Censorship
• Kevin Drum at Mother Jones: Less Lead, Less Crime

That's it for today.

Reads for 1 Jan 2012

A very happy new year to everyone! Here are some readings to ring in the new year...

Economics & Finance

• Bill at Calculated Risk: Private Investment and the Business Cycle; Vehicle Miles Driven Decline: A possible contributing factor; Labor Force Participation: The Kids are Alright Part 2 [Bill also provides a helpful how-to link on "How do you put recession bars on graphs using Excel?"]
• Yves Smith at Naked Capitalism: Global Savings Glut or Global Banking Glut?
• Christina Romer in the NYT: A Financial Crisis Needn’t Be a Noose
• Richard Peach, Josiah Bethards and Joseph Song at Liberty Street Economics: Labor Force Exits Are Complicating Unemployment Rate Forecasts
• David Cay Johnston at Reuters: The corporations that occupy Congress; Where's the fraud, Mr. President?
• Menzie Chinn at Econbrowser: Regulatory Uncertainty, Macro Policy Uncertainty, and Demand
• Dave Altig at Macroblog: Uncertainty about uncertainty; Maybe this time was at least a little different? (regarding the failure of economic forecasting)
• Tara Sinclar at Econbrowser: Guest Contribution: US Federal Regulatory Budget and Macroeconomic Outcomes: What Do We Know?
• Cardiff Garcia at FT Alphaville: 'Tis the Seasonality, Hold the Jolly
• Barry Ritholtz at The Big Picture: Clouded Title - The Gross Illegality of MERS
• TaxProf Blog: CRS on Income Inequality (via)
• Mark Thoma at Economist's View: Peddling a False Narrative on the Financial Crisis
• Zsolt Darvas: A Tale of Three Countries: Recovery After Banking Crisis [focus on Iceland, Ireland and Latvia, via]
• Paul Krugman ay NYT: Debt and Growth in the G7
• David Romer: What Have We Learned about Fiscal Policy from the Crisis? (via)
• Bruce Bartlett in Economix at NYT: Cutting the Corporate Tax Rate Is No Economic Panacea
• Jake at Econompicdata: Consumers Don't Care About Savings Rates
• Louis Uchitelle in the NYT: Factory Jobs Gain, But Wages Retreat (via)
• Dean Baker in CEPR's Beat The Press: Robert Samuelson, Wrong Again
• Uneasy Money: Which Fed Policy is Boosting Stocks? (includes an interesting look at the link between inflation expectations and S&P 500 returns)
• Michael Panzner at Financial Armageddon: Buzzing Again (topic: "Heightened speculation about economic recovery...doesn't mean it will happen")
• Derek Thompson in The Atlantic: It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like 2009 in India (via)

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